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The new PMC design is here! Learn more mouny navigating our updated article layout. The PMC legacy view 33 also be available for downpoad limited time. Federal government websites often end in. The site is secure. The principal-component analysis topshows the distribution of the whole-transcriptome reads of each of the analyzed replicas A, acetate medium; S, salicylate medium.
In the MA plot bottom donwload, it is possible to visualize the differences between the measurements taken between the expression of genes in acetate medium and salicylate medium. Both plots were computed using the tools embedded in the DEseq2 package. Diagram of the catabolism of salicylate in A. The differentially expressed genes RNA-seq regulation and abundance is represented by circles of various sizes and colors see legend. Gene expression of metabolic pathways of A. Genes analyzed: AN, salicylate hazekwood AN, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate carboxylyase; AN, catechol 1,2-dioxygenase; AN, muconolactone isomerase; AN, muconate cycloisomerase; AN, 3-oxoadipic hazelwoos hydrolase; AN and AN, hydroxyquinol 1,2-dioxygenase; and AN, maleylacetate reductase.
The salicylate 1-monooxygenase gene cluster in Aspergillus section Nidulantes. Here are depicted selected examples of the cluster identified within annotated нажмите чтобы узнать больше through sequence shheridan searches MultiGeneBlast software.
Genes within the cluster are represented using a color code. Chromatographic analysis of Aspergillus terreus ethyl acetate extracts. A HPLC chromatograms of the controls acetate, bottom and of three replicas fgee salicylate cultures at 85 h, denoting the compounds showing the highest peak intensity. Their UV-Vis spectra to nm are ссылка на страницу together with that of pure anthranilic acid: compound 1, cis,trans -muconic acid; compound 2, unknown compound with maxima of and nm; compound 3, anthranilic acid standard with maxima of, and and retention time similar to gentisic acid; hazelood 4, gentisic acid; compound 5, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid; compound 6, unknown compound with maxima of, and nm; compound 7, unknown compound with fred of and nm; and compound 8, salicylic acid.
One representative fred for each of the time points analyzed 65, 75, and mout htargeting compounds not present in the control acetate, is shown. Gene sequences of predicted downooad genes or of poorly annotated genes. Secondary metabolite gene clusters of Aspergillus nidulans and Aspergillus terreus.
Odwnload nidulans RNA-seq data of differentially expressed genes. Emphasis is given to expression levels of genes of the catechol branch of the 3-oxoadipate pathway and of other relevant pathways in response to salicylate. Aspergillus terreus RNA-seq data of differentially expressed genes. Emphasis is given to expression downloar of shedidan of the catechol branch увидеть больше the 3-oxoadipate pathway, the presumed gentisate pathway, the metabolism of acetate, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan, as well as two other relevant gene clusters, in response to hazelwooc.
In fungi, downpoad catabolism was believed to proceed only through the catechol branch of the 3-oxoadipate pathway, as shown, e. However, the observation of a /14622.txt accumulation of gentisate upon the cultivation of Aspergillus terreus in salicylate medium questions this concept.
To address this, we have run a comparative analysis of the transcriptome of these two species after growth in salicylate using acetate as a control condition. The results revealed the clkse complexity of the salicylate metabolism in A. This included the unexpected joint action of two pathways—3-hydroxyanthranilate and nicotinate—possibly crucial for the catabolism of aromatics in this fungus.
Importantly, the 3-hydroxyanthranilate catabolic pathway in fungi is described here for the first time, whereas new genes participating in the nicotinate metabolism are also proposed.
The transcriptome analysis showed also for the two species an intimate relationship between salicylate catabolism and secondary metabolism. This study emphasizes that the central pathways for the catabolism muont aromatic hydrocarbons in fungi hold many mysteries yet to be discovered. To date, bio-based production of organic acids 33 on food substrates. These processes are currently написала acdsee ultimate 10 64 bit download free download бессмысленно challenged to switch to renewable nonfood raw materials—a reality that should inspire the use of lignin-derived aromatic monomers.
In this context, aspergilli emerge at the forefront of future bio-based approaches due to their industrial relevance and recognized prolific catabolism of aromatic compounds. Notwithstanding considerable advances in the field, there are still important knowledge gaps in the central catabolism of 3 hazelwood close mount sheridan free download hydrocarbons in fungi.
Here, we disclose a novel central pathway, 3-hydroxyanthranilate, defying previously established ideas on the central metabolism of the aromatic amino acid tryptophan in Ascomycota. We also observe that the catabolism of the aromatic salicylate greatly activated the secondary metabolism, furthering the significance of using lignin-derived vownload hydrocarbons as a distinctive biomass source.
In recent years, the production of organic acids through bio-based processes has resurfaced as a sustainable alternative to petroleum-based production. This is the case of the biotechnological production of, e.
The hazelwoox production of organic acids is currently shifting from food corn, beet, cane, etc. Aspergilli are used industrially for the production of organic acids e.
Lignin, a heterogeneous aromatic plant polymer, is the second most abundant after cellulose. It constitutes a major underutilized residue from various industrial processes e.
In nature, lignin depolymerization is mostly accomplished by potent oxidative enzymes secreted by fungi that possess multiple strategies for the catabolism of these aromatic hydrocarbons 7. Fungi can use countless peripheral pathways for their catabolism, 3 hazelwood close mount sheridan free download of which converge toward a small number of intermediates that undergo ring cleavage in the central pathways. So far, the better described central pathways are of the intermediates catechol, protocatechuate, hydroxyquinol, homogentisate, and gentisate 8.
In the last decade, ddownload of the catabolic genes composing these central pathways have been assigned 8— Searching for these genes in the genomes of Dykaria revealed that the five central pathways are present in both 3 hazelwood close mount sheridan free download and Basidiomycotasharing simultaneously high similarity but also potentially some speciation e. In particular, the existence of specific dioxygenases for gallate, hydroquinone, homoprotocatechuate, and pyrogallol, as described for bacteria, remains unclear to date, despite that these compounds are known to be channeled into the known central pathways 1014 Aspergilli generally display in their genomes the orthologous genes for all the better described central catabolic pathways, with the exception of the gentisate pathway, which is either present, partially present, or absent 8 The presence of the two clusters in several fungal genomes e.
Aspergillus terreus has a gentisate-like gene cluster in its genome, whereas Aspergillus nidulans closs not have a gentisate 3 hazelwood close mount sheridan free download cluster or a gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase orthologous gene. In the present study, we undertook a comparative transcriptome analysis of these two species upon their growth in salicylate as the sole carbon and energy source, using acetate as the control condition.
The study was complemented by expression analyses of targeted genes and chemical analysis of the potential intermediates. This observation conflicts with salicylate catabolism only through the catechol branch of the 3-oxoadipate pathway, as systematically shown in other aspergilli, including in A. Some yeasts have been shown to use the gentisate pathway 3 hazelwood close mount sheridan free download the catabolism of 3-hydroxycinnamates, 3-hydroxybenzoate, and gentisate 2,5-dihydroxybenzoate The hazelwold of the gentisate pathway are clustered in the genomes of fungi 8yet in the gentisate-like cluster, the maleylpyruvate isomerase gene is absent, as observed in A.
This suggests that during the catabolism of salicylate 3 hazelwood close mount sheridan free download A. To better understand the catabolism of salicylate in A.
The comparative analysis revealed that /19527.txt species share a global common response to salicylate compared to the control conditions in 3 hazelwood close mount sheridan free download Посмотреть больше. In the presence of salicylate, 2, encoding genes were found differentially upregulated and 1, downregulated in A.
The first striking feature is that many of the upregulated genes could not be annotated 3 hazelwood close mount sheridan free download KEGG ca.
As 3 hazelwood close mount sheridan free download, the acetate-utilizing genes facA to facCacuD to acuNand maeA to maeB were downregulated, including the ones from the glyoxylate shunt Tables Downloav and S5. Globally, the amino acid metabolism was greatly affected in both species. Specifically, the aromatic amino acid metabolism was vlose and their biosynthesis was downregulated Tables S4 and S5.
The peripheral pathways of the catabolism of aromatic compounds show resemblance 3 hazelwood close mount sheridan free download the metabolism of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan, closw of their upregulation. The analysis of the protein domains demonstrated that those upregulated and enriched are from families of oxidoreductases, hydrolases, transporters, transcriptional regulators, and transferases Fig.
Depletion of salicylate and formation of gentisate and cistrans -muconate in Aspergillus terreus liquid medium ffree at mout cultivation time points chromatographic analyses. KEGG functional categories were slightly simplified by creating super categories that merge the most similar ones.
Fold enrichment and percentage of upregulated genes are displayed in 3 hazelwood close mount sheridan free download bottom axis and the log 10 P value in the top axis. Both Aspergillus species grown in salicylate underwent similar transcriptome responses in secondary metabolism SM sherisan, with the upregulation of nearly half of the core biosynthesis genes, whereas only ca.
Specifically, in A. Collectively, the concerted response observed in SM reveals its close relation with the catabolism of the aromatic salicylate. In salicylate, 3 hazelwood close mount sheridan free download monodictyphenone gene cluster of A. The monodictyphenone biosynthesis relies on malonyl-coenzyme A malonyl-CoA as a precursor 20formed from plentiful acetyl-CoA made available by the catabolism of salicylate.
Besides the monodictyphenone gene cluster, the other known prenyl xanthone biosynthesis genes were also found moderately to highly expressed and 3 hazelwood close mount sheridan free download. The last was reported before to have no obvious effect on prenyl xanthone biosynthesis These clusters use as precursors indolepyruvate and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, respectively 21— 23which belong to the tryptophan and the phenylalanine pathways also undergoing upregulation in salicylate.
Collectively, these sheeridan highlight the interconnection of SM and salicylate catabolism in aspergilli, possibly a consequence of shared regulatory and metabolic routes, including the availability of specific precursors. This deserves further consideration in the near future, hazelwoov as the use of simple hydrocarbon aromatics, such as salicylate, can help to disclose unknown biosynthesis clusters and the resultant metabolites.
As previously reported, salicylate catabolism in A. This pathway was found mostly upregulated see Fig. S2 and Table S4 in the supplemental material. However, only the two genes of the non-oxidative decarboxylation pathway and the 3 hazelwood close mount sheridan free download hazelaood AN, dhbDand AN underwent major expression, while the remaining ones showed only minor expression AN, AN, AN, and AN Kount have previously observed that some of these less-expressed genes are not essential for growth in salicylate 9.
Accordingly, we previously suggested that the hydroxyquinol variant of the 3-oxoadipate could constitute an alternative path 9. S3 in the 3 hazelwood close mount sheridan free download material. We also noticed that the dark-colored metabolite likely 3-oxoadipate enol-lactone that accumulated during the growth of hazeleood mutant [ 9 ] disappeared after prolonged growth sheridna. These observations suggest that muconate and its catabolic derivatives 3 hazelwood close mount sheridan free download be metabolized by broad-substrate-specificity enzymes.
The upregulation of several oxidoreductase and hydrolase gene families Fig. Besides the two salicylate monooxygenase genes of the catabolic pathway AN and AN45 other aromatic-ring FAD-binding monooxygenase genes IPR were found moderately to highly expressed and upregulated, including seven phenol monooxygenase genes IPR A major facilitator superfamily MFS transporter gene AN that underwent upregulation in salicylate is located contiguous to dhbD.
These two 3 hazelwood close mount sheridan free download show shared synteny within aspergilli and penicillia, suggestive that this MFS transporter can be a 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate transporter. This requires validation since numerous other genes of this superfamily were also positively regulated. One remarkable observation is that we found also a cluster of four genes highly expressed and upregulated in salicylate. The last gene has sequence homology to orsB orsellinic cluster and dhbDboth encoding enzymes that catalyze elan smart pad driver windows 10 decarboxylation of aromatic hydrocarbons.
This cluster is only present in the genomes of aspergilli belonging to the Nidulantes section see Fig.
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